The term ‘bronchiectasis’ (bron-kee-ek’-tas-is) describes the condition where airways are abnormally and permanently dilated. Causes can be of congenital or acquired origin.
An infection or any condition that injuries the airways may slowly impaired airways’ ability to clear out mucus i.e. bronchiectasis itself is not an infection, but a condition developed secondary to an infection or injury to the airways. As mucus builds up, the environment favours ongoing infections, e.g. pneumonia, tuberculosis, fungal infections etc. Each infection or injury causes more damage to the airways.
The recurrent inflammation of the bronchial walls causes the airways to become stretched out, flabby and scarred. The thickening and damage to the bronchial walls are irreversible and incurable.
Congenital causes of bronchiectasis:
- Pulmonary sequestration
- Deficiency of bronchial elements
Acquired causes of bronchiectasis:
- Pneumonia
- Tuberculosis
- Lungs tumors
- Foreign bodies
Person with bronchiectasis develops symptoms gradually. This includes:
- Coughing up yellow sputum
- Dypsnoea due to airflow limitation
In severe cases, patient may suffer from:
- Cough up blood (haemoptysis)
- Bad breath (halitosis)
- Episodes of pneumonia
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
On examination, patients presents with signs including:
- Wheeze
- Crackles
- Clubbing
Possible investigations are:
- Chest x-ray and CT to locate bronchial dilation or wall thickening
- Sputum culture to determine presence of bacteria
- Lung function test to find out severity of damage to lungs
Treatment
- Antibiotics to treat recurrent respiratory infections
- Corticosteroids help reduce inflammation of lungs
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